油菜内酯类似物(BRs)的生物合成与信号传导引起的植物矮化

植物体内的BRs生物合成突变或者感受BRs失调导致植物矮化。本文介绍了BRs的生物合成途径和感受途径相关的基因及其突变型,从分子水平上阐述了这些矮化类型与BRs的关系,并就BRs促进细胞伸长的机制作了一些探讨。     

Steemann Nielsen and the zooplankton

E. Steemann Nielsen is remembered by most biological oceanographers and limnologists as having introduced the ¹⁴C method for measuring photosynthesis in 1952. The present paper is to recall that he was interested in the phytoplankton as part of the plankton community and was much aware of the role of grazing in affecting, if not determining, the concentrations of phytoplankton and, thus, also its rate of production. His principal statements to this effect were made with the open, oligotrophic subtropical and tropical oceans in mind where phytoplankton concentrations exhibit little seasonal change. This paper shows that Steemann Nielsen's sentiment also applies to non-static situations, especially phytoplankton blooms. Of the blooms in Cushing's North Sea Calanus patches of 1949 and 1954 and the two low-latitude, open-sea iron fertilization experiments (IronEx I, II) of the 1990s, more than half or even most of the newly formed cells were lost daily. In these examples, the same water was revisited, mixing was considered, and sinking was an unimportant loss term, so that grazing was the principal cause of mortality. Because of the grazing losses and the subsequent regeneration the CO₂ draw down in the fertilized water was much lower than the ¹⁴C uptake. Moreover the examples show that over the course of the blooms, the rate and even the sign of temporal change of phytoplankton abundance had little relation to the rate of cell division, as already postulated by Riley's 1946 model of the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton on Georges Bank. Thus, in most situations in the open sea and, presumably, large lakes, the rates of cell division (instead of photosynthesis by itself) and of mortality (most often from grazing) are needed for understanding and predicting the temporal change of phytoplankton abundance, a principal goal of biological oceanography. The mechanism maintaining the actual abundance of phytoplankton in the quasi-steady state prevailing over most of the ocean much of the time is still unclear.     

Genetic stock structure of bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites

Genetic differentiation was minimal and overall non-significant among five collections of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus from the Indian Ocean, examined for variation at mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and at seven microsatellite loci.     

巴西蘑菇原种培养基的筛选

以麦草、稻草、棉籽壳、玉米秸、木屑、麦粒、玉米粒和麦麸为原料 ,从 2 0种培养基中筛选出 2种适合巴西蘑菇菌丝生长的原种培养基。用这 2种培养基生产的菌种 ,菌丝粗壮、洁白、浓密 ,萌发快。     

一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因位点的微卫星标记

通过混合遗传模型P1、P2 、B1、B2 、F1、F2 6世代联合分析发现 ,玉米 (ZeamaysL .)自交系黄早四对玉米矮花叶病B株系的抗性是由一对主基因和多基因共同控制 ,从而鉴别出一对主效基因的存在 ;利用位于第六染色体上的 2 7对微卫星标记 ,对黄早四×Mo17的F2 群体进一步分析 ,筛选出两个与主效抗病基因 (mdm1(t) )紧密连锁的微卫星标记phi0 77和bnlg391,它们在分子图谱上的顺序为phi0 77 mdm1(t) bnlg391,两个区间的遗传距离分别是 4.74centiMorgan (cM)和 6 .72cM。     

抗黄矮病小麦-中间偃麦草易位系基因组可转化人工染色体文库的构建及初步筛选

利用抗黄矮病小麦 -中间偃麦草易位系HW6 4 2的细胞核DNA构建了一个可转化人工染色体 (transformation competentartificialchromosome,TAC)文库 ,文库由 2 .3× 10 6 克隆构成 ,重组率为 90 .4 8% ,平均插入片段大小为 2 2kb左右 ,约覆盖普通小麦单倍体基因组 2 .5倍 ,在该文库中分离得到单拷贝DNA序列的几率约是 95 .77%。文库保存在 2 4块 96孔板中 ,每个孔中约含有 10 0 0个不同的重组克隆 ,可以采用PooledPCR的方法对文库进行筛选。用来源于小麦的简单重复序列 (simplesequencerepeat,SSR)引物wms37扩增中间偃麦草、抗病易位系及感病材料 ,得到一条与抗性共分离的特异条带 ,约 4 5 0bp。将此特异标记条带转化为SCAR(sequencecharacterizedamplifiedregion)标记 ,用于筛选HW6 4 2基因组TAC文库 ,得到 12个阳性克隆。对阳性克隆进行了PCR Southern验证 ,以中间偃麦草基因组总DNA为探针与限制酶HindⅢ消化后的阳性克隆杂交 ,其中 10个阳性克隆分别有 1～ 6条杂交带 ,结果表明 ,这 10个阳性克隆可作为抗黄矮病相关基因筛选的候选克隆     

A new method for the preservation of fungus stock cultures by deep-freezing

Recovery of 66 fungus stock cultures including Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and mitosporic mycetes were examined after cryopreservation. Almost all the stock cultures remained viable when the mycelia that had grown over the sawdust medium containing 10% glycerol as the cryoprotectant (65% moisture content, W/W) were frozen rapidly at −85°C and then allow to thaw naturally at room temperature. Test stock cultures were preserved for more than 10 years by this preservation method without any programmed precooling and rapid thawing for their cryopreservation. Most of the test fungi could survive for 5 years in medium containing 10% glycerol even after alternate freezing and thawing at intervals of 6 months. When a strain of Flammulina velutipes was tested for mycelial growth rate and productivity of fruit-bodies after cryopreservation for 3 years, the fungus reproduced with its initial capability. These results demonstrate that the sawdust-freezing method using a cryoprotectant is expected to be a reliable and easy preservation method for fungus stock cultures. Received: December 7, 2000 / Accepted: December 19, 2001     

Growth and carbon stock change in eucalypt woodlands in northeast Australia: ecological and greenhouse sink implications

Data from 57 permanent monitoring sites are used to document the growth in woody vegetation and estimate the carbon sink in 27 M ha of eucalypt woodlands (savannas), contained within c. 60 M ha of grazed woodlands in Queensland (northeast Australia). The study sites are shown to be representative of the environment and structure of the eucalypt woodlands in the defined study area. Mean basal area increment for all live woody plants in 30 long‐term sites, with an average initial basal area of 11.86 ± 1.38 (SE) m² ha^?1, was 1.06 m² ha^?1 over a mean 14 years timeframe. The majority of the measurement period, commencing between 1982 and 1988, was characterized by below‐average rainfall. The increase in live tree basal area was due primarily to growth of existing trees (3.12 m² ha^?1) rather than establishment of new plants (0.25 m² ha^?1) and was partly offset by death (2.31 m² ha^?1). A simple but robust relationship between stand basal area and stand biomass of all woody species was developed for the eucalypt dominant woodlands. Analysis of above‐ground carbon stocks in live and standing dead woody plants gave a mean net above‐ground annual carbon increment for all 57 sites of 0.53 t C ha^?1 y^?1, similar to values estimated elsewhere in world savannas. Published root : shoot ratios were used to infer C flux in woody root systems on these sites. This results in an estimated sink in above‐ and below‐ground biomass of 18 Mt C y^?1 over the eucalypt woodlands studied, and potentially up to 35 Mt C y^?1 if extended to all grazed woodlands in Queensland. It is suggested that introduction of livestock grazing and altered fire regimes have triggered the change in tree‐grass dominance in these woodlands. Thus, change in carbon stocks in the grazed woodlands of Queensland is identified as an important component of human‐induced greenhouse gas flux in Australia, equivalent in magnitude to c. 25% of the most recently published (1999) total estimated national net emissions. The latter inventory takes into account emissions from land clearing, but does not include the sink identified in the present study. This sequestration also represents a small but significant contribution to the global terrestrial carbon sink.     

Crossing to safety: dispersal,colonization and mate choice in evolutionarily distinct populations of Steller sea lions,Eumetopias jubatus

Population growth typically involves range expansion and establishment of new breeding sites, while the opposite occurs during declines. Although density dependence is widely invoked in theoretical studies of emigration and colonization in expanding populations, few empirical studies have documented the mechanisms. Still fewer have documented the direction and mechanisms of individual transfer in declining populations. Here, we screen large numbers of pups sampled on their natal rookeries for variation in mtDNA (n = 1106) and 16 microsatellite loci (n = 588) and show that new Steller sea lion breeding sites did not follow the typical paradigm and were instead colonized by sea lions from both a declining (Endangered) population and an increasing population. Dispersing individuals colonized rookeries in the distributional hiatus between two evolutionarily distinct ( = 0.222,  = 0.053, K = 2) metapopulations recently described as separate subspecies. Hardy–Weinberg, mixed‐stock and relatedness analysis revealed levels of interbreeding on the new rookeries that exclude (i) assortative mating among eastern and western forms, and (ii) inbreeding avoidance as primary motivations for dispersal. Positive and negative density dependence is implicated in both cases of individual transfer. Migration distance limits, and conspecific attraction and performance likely influenced the sequence of rookery colonizations. This study demonstrates that resource limitation may trigger an exodus of breeding animals from declining populations, with substantial impacts on distribution and patterns of genetic variation. It also revealed that this event is rare because colonists dispersed across an evolutionary boundary, suggesting that the causative factors behind recent declines are unusual or of larger magnitude than normally occur.     

Foraging ecology and niche overlap in pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (Kogia sima) sperm whales from waters of the U.S. mid‐Atlantic coast

A complementary approach of stomach content and stable isotope analyses was used to characterize the foraging ecology and evaluate niche overlap between pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales stranded on the U.S. mid‐Atlantic coast between 1998 and 2011. Food habits analysis demonstrated both species were primarily teuthophagous, with 35 species of cephalopods, and 2 species of mesopelagic fishes represented in their overall diets. Pianka's Index of niche overlap suggested high overlap between whale diets (O_n = 0.92), with squids from the families Histioteuthidae, Cranchidae, and Ommastrephidae serving as primary prey. Pygmy sperm whales consumed slightly larger prey sizes (mean mantle length [ML] = 10.8 cm) than dwarf sperm whales (mean ML = 7.8 cm). Mean prey sizes consumed by pygmy sperm whales increased with growth, but showed no trend in dwarf sperm whales. Significant differences were not detected in δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values of muscle tissues from pygmy (10.8‰ ± 0.5‰, ?17.1‰ ± 0.6‰), and dwarf sperm whales (10.7‰ ± 0.5‰, ?17.0‰ ± 0.4‰), respectively. Isotopic niche widths also did not differ significantly and dietary overlap was high between the two species. Results suggest the feeding ecologies of the pygmy and dwarf sperm whales are similar and both species occupy equivalent trophic niches in the region.